NUTRITIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF VITAMINS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with profound metabolic disturbances that contribute to malnutrition, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular morbidity. Among these, altered vitamin status plays a significant role in the progression of disease and patient outcomes. Defi ciencies in water-soluble vitamins (such as B-complex and vitamin C) and fat-soluble vitamins (particularly D, A, and E) are common due to dietary restrictions, uremic toxicity, impaired absorption, and dialysis-related losses. The present review aims to summarize current evidence regarding vitamin alterations in CKD, their clinical consequences, and the role of supplementation in improving patient outcomes. Special attention is given to the interplay between vitamin D metabolism, mineral-bone disorders, and cardiovascular risk