The Course of Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Vitamin D Deficiency: Pathogenetic and Therapeutic Aspects

Abstract

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a global health issue characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and abdominal obesity. Recent research highlights a potential role for vitamin D deficiency and polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene in MS pathogenesis. Objective: To investigate the relationship between vitamin D levels, VDR gene polymorphisms (FOKL VDR rs10735810, APAL VDR rs7975232), and clinical manifestations of MS in women of reproductive age. Methods: This study examined 120 women aged 18–50 with MS. Serum levels of 25(OH)D and VDR gene polymorphisms were assessed, alongside lipid profiles, fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, and bioimpedance body composition. Clinical features of insulin resistance and obesity were evaluated. Results: Vitamin D deficiency (16.4 ± 4.4 mmol/L) and VDR gene polymorphisms were identified in 75.3% of patients. Serum 25(OH)D levels were inversely correlated with triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins (r = -0.29; p = 0.038), hypertension (r = -0.41; p = 0.017), and obesity severity (r = -0.47; p = 0.029). Higher HOMA indices and clinical signs of insulin resistance were associated with lower vitamin D levels. Conclusion:Vitamin D deficiency and VDR gene polymorphisms significantly contribute to MS pathogenesis. Addressing vitamin D insufficiency and integrating genetic profiling into personalized MS management may improve metabolic outcomes and reduce chronic disease risks.