Abstract:
This article examines the scientific foundations, clinical applications, and future
challenges of pharmacogenomics , a discipline that investigates how genetic variations influence
drug response in individuals. It explores the molecular principles underlying drug–gene
interactions, mechanisms of variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, examples of
gene-specific drug selection, advantages and limitations of individualized therapy, ethical issues,
and implementation barriers in modern healthcare. The analysis highlights the growing
significance of pharmacogenomic testing in optimizing therapeutic outcomes, minimizing
adverse drug reactions, and advancing personalized medicine.
