Abstract:
This article examines the biochemical, physiological, and clinical aspects of hepatic
biotransformation and its fundamental role in drug metabolism. It analyzes the structural and
functional organization of hepatocytes, mechanisms of Phase I and Phase II metabolic reactions,
the influence of enzymatic variability, genetic factors, pathological conditions, and drug–drug
interactions on hepatic metabolism. The article also explores the significance of the cytochrome
P450 system, conjugation pathways, plasma protein binding, and hepatic transporters. Moreover,
the paper discusses the clinical implications of impaired liver function, dose adjustment
strategies, and modern approaches to predicting metabolic pathways through pharmacokinetic
modeling. Special attention is given to the integration of biotransformation studies in
personalized medicine and drug development. The analysis demonstrates that the liver remains
the central organ responsible for chemical transformation of xenobiotics, thereby determining the
efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profile of therapeutic agents
