Abstract:
The ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) processes are
fundamental pharmacokinetic mechanisms determining the fate of drugs in the human body.
These processes influence drug bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, toxicity, and
interindividual variability in drug response. This article reviews the main principles governing
each ADME phase, including physicochemical drug properties, transport mechanisms, plasma
protein binding, metabolic pathways mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes, and renal and
hepatic elimination. Clinical implications, such as drug interactions, altered pharmacokinetics
in special populations, and strategies for optimizing therapy, are discussed. Understanding
ADME processes is essential for rational drug design, personalized therapy, and effective
pharmacological management.
