Abstract:
Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases in children and represents a major public health problem worldwide. Although most cases are mild or moderate, approximately 5–10% of pediatric patients suffer from severe asthma, which is often resistant to standard therapy and is associated with high morbidity and decreased quality of life. Identification of genetic and immunological markers
opens the possibility of earlier diagnosis, prognosis of the disease course, and the implementation of personalized treatment strategies. This article
presents data on genetic polymorphisms and immunological biomarkers associated with severe bronchial asthma in children. Particular attention
is paid to polymorphisms of the IL4, IL13, IL4R, ORMDL3, and ADRB2 genes, as well as elevated levels of eosinophils, IgE, and Th2 cytokines. Recent
studies also highlight the role of epithelial cytokines (TSLP, IL-25, IL-33) in exacerbating airway inflammation. The need for large-scale, multicenter
studies in Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, to verify these findings is emphasized.
