GENETIC AND IMMUNOLOGICAL MARKERS OF SEVERE BRONCHIAL ASTHMA IN CHILDREN

Abstract

Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases in children and represents a major public health problem worldwide. Although most cases are mild or moderate, approximately 5–10% of pediatric patients suffer from severe asthma, which is often resistant to standard therapy and is associated with high morbidity and decreased quality of life. Identification of genetic and immunological markers opens the possibility of earlier diagnosis, prognosis of the disease course, and the implementation of personalized treatment strategies. This article presents data on genetic polymorphisms and immunological biomarkers associated with severe bronchial asthma in children. Particular attention is paid to polymorphisms of the IL4, IL13, IL4R, ORMDL3, and ADRB2 genes, as well as elevated levels of eosinophils, IgE, and Th2 cytokines. Recent studies also highlight the role of epithelial cytokines (TSLP, IL-25, IL-33) in exacerbating airway inflammation. The need for large-scale, multicenter studies in Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, to verify these findings is emphasized.