ADME PROCESSES: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, ANDEXCRETION

Abstract

The ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) processes are fundamental pharmacokinetic mechanisms determining the fate of drugs in the human body. These processes influence drug bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, toxicity, and interindividual variability in drug response. This article reviews the main principles governing each ADME phase, including physicochemical drug properties, transport mechanisms, plasma protein binding, metabolic pathways mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes, and renal and hepatic elimination. Clinical implications, such as drug interactions, altered pharmacokinetics in special populations, and strategies for optimizing therapy, are discussed. Understanding ADME processes is essential for rational drug design, personalized therapy, and effective pharmacological management.