Abstract:
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) remains a significant global public health concern,
particularly in regions where hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic. As a
defective virus that requires HBV co-infection, HDV contributes to the rapid
progression of liver disease, often resulting in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
at a younger age compared to HBV monoinfection. Despite global efforts to eliminate
viral hepatitis, HDV remains underdiagnosed and underreported, especially in
developing countries.
This review summarizes current knowledge on the epidemiology of hepatitis
D, highlighting regional variations, risk factors, and population groups at elevated
risk. Special emphasis is placed on the mechanisms and prevalence of intrafamilial
transmission, an aspect that has received limited attention despite its critical role in
maintaining viral circulation. Challenges in diagnosis, the lack of standardized
testing, and limited antiviral treatment options are discussed. Recent advances in
HDV therapeutics and prevention strategies are also explored, with a focus on public
health implications.
