Abstract:
This paper presents widely used biophysical methods and key research
areas. It also examines key parameters of living organisms, the most
important source of which is the chemical energy of the molecules within the
system. Living organisms are known to produce energy by utilizing the
chemical energy of the food they digest. Within a living cell, the
concentration of ions and substances differs from the intercellular
environment; that is, a concentration gradient exists across the cell
membrane. Differences in ion and molecular concentrations are also caused
by other gradients, such as osmotic, electrical, filtration, and others.
