Abstract:
Abstract. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with profound metabolic disturbances that contribute to malnutrition, oxidative stress,
and cardiovascular morbidity. Among these, altered vitamin status plays a significant role in the progression of disease and patient outcomes. Defi
ciencies in water-soluble vitamins (such as B-complex and vitamin C) and fat-soluble vitamins (particularly D, A, and E) are common due to dietary
restrictions, uremic toxicity, impaired absorption, and dialysis-related losses. The present review aims to summarize current evidence regarding
vitamin alterations in CKD, their clinical consequences, and the role of supplementation in improving patient outcomes. Special attention is given to
the interplay between vitamin D metabolism, mineral-bone disorders, and cardiovascular risk.
Key words: chronic kidney disease; vitamins; nutrition; vitamin D; malnutrition; hemodialysis.
