INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS (CYTOKINES, PROSTAGLANDINS) AND PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DRUGS ACTING THROUGH THEM

Abstract

Inflammatory mediators, particularly cytokines and prostaglandins, play a pivotal role in both acute and chronic inflammatory responses.Their complex biochemical signaling pathways determine the magnitude, duration,and systemic impact of inflammation.This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the molecular biology of major cytokines and prostaglandins, their role inpathophysiology, and detailed pharmacodynamic mechanisms of drug classes targeting these mediators, including NSAIDs,COX-2 inhibitors, corticosteroids, and emerging biologics. Special attention is given to the therapeutic potential and clinical limitations of cytokine-targeting monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors. The review emphasizes current scientific perspectives,unresolved challenges, and future directions in developing safer and more selective anti-inflammatory agents.